Antenna FAQ

For any wireless network, the antenna is a vital component. Therefore, all wireless network designers, manufacturers, and management personnel must be proficient in antenna technology. The following are some common antenna FAQs.

What is an antenna?

The antenna is a kind of converter, which transforms the guided wave propagating on the transmission line into an electromagnetic wave propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or vice versa.

A component used in radio equipment to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. Engineering systems such as radio communications, broadcasting, television, radar, navigation, electronic countermeasures, remote sensing, radio astronomy, etc., All use electromagnetic waves to transmit information and rely on antennas to work.

What is the role of antennas in radio communication?

The antenna is a kind of transducer, the transmitting antenna is a device that converts high-frequency electric energy into electromagnetic waves, and the receiving antenna is a device that converts electromagnetic waves into high-frequency electric energy, so it occupies an extremely important position in radio communication.

The quality of the antenna installation plays an important role in the quality of mobile communication. Therefore, when designing and installing the antenna, great attention must be paid to ensuring the quality.

What is antenna definition?

An antenna is a device that transmits and/or receives electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are often referred to as radio waves. Most antennas are resonant devices, which operate efficiently over a relatively narrow frequency band.

What is antenna length?

An antenna can be a length of wire, a metal rod, or a piece of metal tubing. Antennas radiate most effectively when their. length is directly related to the wavelength of the. transmitted signal.

Who invented the antenna?

Although the earliest version of the parabolic reflector antenna was developed in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz, it wasn’t until the 1960s that these types of antennas became commonplace.

Why do we need an antenna?

Put simply, the antenna is a device for transmitting and/or receiving signals – the eyes and ears of your communication system. A good antenna is designed to be “in-tune” to the signal you are seeking – your phone or radio “sees” the signal and you hear a clear conversation.

What is the first antenna?

Guglielmo Marconi
The Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi, the principal inventor of wireless telegraphy, constructed various antennas for both sending and receiving, and he also discovered the importance of tall antenna structures in transmitting low-frequency signals.

What is an antenna and its application?

An antenna is mainly used as a metallic device for radiating or. receiving radio waves which are basically used for transmitting. signals, transmitting antenna is used to transmit information and. for receiving the signal, receiving antenna is used at the receiver end to.

Where is the antenna used?

By definition, an antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave in free space. Antennas demonstrate a property known as reciprocity, which means that an antenna will maintain the same characteristics regardless if it is transmitting or receiving.

What is the importance of an antenna?

The purpose of an antenna is to transform RF signals into electromagnetic waves, propagating into free space in the transmit mode, and in the receive mode, to transform electromagnetic waves back into RF signals. Antennas are reciprocal and have, therefore, the same performance in a receive and transmit mode.

Which is the function of the antenna?

The two functions of an antenna are:

(1) For transmission of a signal, radiofrequency electrical energy from the transmitter is converted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiated into the surrounding environment (atmosphere, space, water);

(2) for the reception of a signal, electromagnetic energy impinging on the antenna is converted into radio-frequency electrical energy and fed into the receiver.”

What is the principle of antenna?

Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss.

An antenna consists of a metal conductor that conveys radio frequency (RF) waves between two points in space. This device can either transmit a signal or receive one.

How does an antenna work?

A voltage at the desired frequency is applied to the antenna. The voltage across the antenna elements and the current through them create the electric and magnetic waves, respectively. At the receiver, the electromagnetic wave passing over the antenna induces a small voltage.

What makes a good antenna?

With copper being twice as conductive as aluminum and 6 times more conductive than steel, it makes an excellent choice as an antenna material. The increased electrical efficiency means more of your RF energy will go up and out the antenna and not be trapped, creating heat energy.

Why do we use an antenna?

In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment.

What's an antonym for an antenna?

The word antenna typically refers to a component of a device used to send or receive radio waves, or to the sensory appendage common in insects. There are no categorical antonyms to this word.

How is an antenna made?

The simplest antenna is a single piece of metal wire attached to a radio. The first radio I ever built, when I was 11 or 12, was a crystal set with a long loop of copper wire acting as the antenna. The signals on these different wave bands are carried by radio waves of different frequencies and wavelengths.

How many parts does an antenna have?

There are three parts to an insect antenna: the scape, the pedicel, and the flagellum. The scape is the first segment of the antenna and it is attached to the head by a rim of the flexible, intersegmental cuticle.

Which material is suitable for making an antenna?

For aerospace and defense applications, traditional antenna materials – printed circuit boards, machined aluminum enclosures, and thermoset radomes – offer tried and true but costly approaches for building antennas. A new approach is needed to meet next-generation antenna requirements.

What is the best antenna wire?

Stranded copper or copper-clad aluminum are the most common – copper clad aluminum is somewhat stronger and has the more conductive copper on the outside, where the current is concentrated. Stranded wire is ideal for flexibility and ease of soldering and crimping.

What is the best metal for an antenna?

Copper
Copper is the best-suited material for base antennas. The metal, while soft and malleable, is quite rigid. Stainless steel has higher tensile strength, so the thinner wire can be used.

What wire is used for dipole antenna?

for antennas. Most applications use 14AWG (or larger, such as 12 AWG) stranded copper weld wire, which will have the added strength of steel wire, as well as the conductivity of copper due to skin effect.

Do antennas have positive and negative?

There is no positive nor negative point. If you would flip the antenna horizontally, nothing would change. That means that if you have your antenna straight up and send information, then a dipole in the orientation like the animation above won’t see it.

What is the difference between a transmitter and an antenna?

Antennas like this are sometimes called receivers. A transmitter is a different kind of antenna that does the opposite job to a receiver: it turns electrical signals into radio waves so they can travel sometimes thousands of kilometers around the Earth or even into space and back.

What are the three types of antennas?

There are several different types of antennas in three broad categories: omnidirectional, directional, and semi-directional.

Omni-directional antennas propagate in all directions.

Semi-directional antennas propagate in a constricted fashion, defined by a specific angle.

Directional antennas propagate at a specific angle.

What are different types of antenna?

Type of antenna Examples

Wire Antennas: Dipole antenna, Monopole antenna, Helix antenna, Loop antenna

Aperture Antennas: Waveguide (opening), Horn antenna

Reflector Antennas: Parabolic reflectors, Corner reflectors

Lens Antennas: Convex-plane, Concave-plane, Convex-convex, concaveconcave lenses

What is an embedded antenna?

An embedded antenna is nothing but a metallic conductor embedded in a dielectric material whose dielectric constant is greater than 1. The main purpose of an embedded antenna is to use in mobile phones and other small chips. In order to achieve this, antenna size must be decreased.

What is a meander line antenna?

Meander line antennas have been widely studied in order to reduce the size of the radiating elements in wire antennas: monopole, dipole, and folded dipole type antennas. In meander line antennas, the wire is continuously folded to reduce the resonant length.

What is circular polarization in antenna?

Circular Polarization: In a circularly-polarized antenna, the plane of polarization rotates in a corkscrew pattern making one complete revolution during each wavelength. A circularly- polarized wave radiates energy in the horizontal, vertical planes as well as every plane in between.

What is Fractal antenna?

A fractal antenna is an antenna that uses a fractal, self-similar design to maximize the effective length, or increase the perimeter, of material that can receive or transmit electromagnetic radiation within a given total surface area or volume.

What is discone antenna?

A discone antenna is a version of a biconical antenna in which one of the cones is replaced by a disc. It is usually mounted vertically, with the disc at the top and the cone beneath.

What is Horn antenna?

A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.

What Is a Bow tie Antenna?

A bow tie antenna uses triangular elements instead of straight rods as the antenna elements. The triangular elements sticking out on both sides of the antenna resemble a bow tie, hence the name. The bowtie antenna is a type of UHF fan dipole antenna.

What is Beverage antenna?

The Beverage antenna or “wave antenna” is a long-wire receiving antenna mainly used in the low frequency and medium frequency radio bands, invented by Harold H. Beverage in 1921. It is used by amateur radio, shortwave listening, and longwave radio DXers and military applications.

What is Biconical antenna?

In radio systems, a biconical antenna is a broad-bandwidth antenna made of two roughly conical conductive objects, nearly touching at their points. Biconical antennas are broadband dipole antennas, typically exhibiting a bandwidth of three octaves or more.

What is Big Wheel antenna?

The Big Wheel antenna is a horizontal polarized omni directional antenna. Usually highly directional antennas are used on VHF and UHF, which have the capability to bundle the radiated energy in one direction and eliminate interferences from unwanted directions.

What is Active antenna?

An active antenna is an antenna that contains active electronic components such as transistors, as opposed to most antennas which only consist of passive components such as metal rods, capacitors and inductors.

What is Passive antenna?

Passive antennas are antennas that have no amplification. Passive GPS antennas do not include a Low Noise Amplifier and are best suited to applications requiring a short distance between the receiver and antenna. Passive antennas require an LNA on the receiver.

What is Chip antenna?

Chip antennas are a particular type of antenna valued for their small footprint. They are most commonly integrated in circuit boards to radiate high frequency electromagnetic waves. They have a limited range, making them optimal for small devices such as cell phones and WiFi routers.

What is ceramic antenna?

A Ceramic Chip antenna is a specific type of antenna vaunted for its small spatial requirements. Furthermore, these particular antennas are usually integrated into PCBs to emit high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, Ceramic Chip antennas are the go-to alternative whenever a larger antenna is not plausible.

What is double bazooka antenna?

The double bazooka antenna is a unique design alternative to a dipole. It is made of coaxial cable, instead of a single strand of copper wire. The braided copper shield of the coaxial is the actual RF radiator, and the center conductor acts like a balun or matching transformer to provide a DC ground.

The larger diameter of the shield-braid acting as the actual elements, gives the bazooka a wider bandwidth, and reduced noise over the old wire dipole.

What is CCD antenna?

CCD means Controlled Current Distribution. This is a full wave dipole (or can be a long wire style) that has a series of capacitors mounted along the wire on specially designed boards.

The capacitors allow us to have a impedance that is able to be matched to ladder line or baluns while having an antenna about twice as long as a standard half wave dipole.

Is a dipole a good antenna?

The horizontal dipole is the simplest and most widely used type of antenna. Ideally, a dipole should be at a half wavelength above ground for best performance and making DX contacts. At 40 meters, that would be 33 feet. But many Hams report they can still get good performance at lower than half wavelength heights.

What is the function of a dipole antenna?

A dipole antenna commonly consists of two identical conductive elements such as metal wires or rods. The driving current from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the two halves of the antenna.

Does a dipole antenna have to be straight?

Dipole antennas need not be installed in a horizontal straight line. They are generally tolerant of bending, sloping, or drooping as required by the antenna site. Remember, however, that dipole antennas are RF conductors.

Is a balun needed for a dipole antenna?

The use of a balun will prevent the coax radiating any power or picking up any noise. In many practical situations it is possible to operate the dipole satisfactorily without one, but there may be a slightly increased risk of interference if one is not used. Simple baluns can be bought from antenna suppliers, or made.

Why dipole antennas are a half wave long?

The dipole antenna is cut and bent for effective radiation. The length of the total wire, which is being used as a dipole, equals half of the wavelength (i.e., l = λ/2). Such an antenna is called as half-wave dipole antenna. This is the most widely used antenna because of its advantages.

How good is a dipole antenna?

A dipole antenna can be a very effective antenna, providing a good level of performance especially if it is erected as high as reasonably possible and away from obstructions, etc. Building am HF ham band dipole does not have to be expensive.

Does a 1/2 wave antenna need a ground plane?

1/2 wave antenna does not need ground plane.

How long is a dipole antenna?

Dipole antennas are used in many areas and applications. One of the main areas where home built antennas are required is within ham radio.

What are the advantages of dipole antenna?

Dipole antennas offer the advantage of receiving balanced signals. The two-pole design enables the device to receive signals from a variety of frequencies. It also helps the device sort out problems caused by conflicting signals without losing reception quality.

What does a dipole antenna look like?

A dipole antenna commonly consists of two identical conductive elements such as metal wires or rods. Most commonly it consists of two conductors of equal length oriented end-to-end with the feedline connected between them. Dipoles are frequently used as resonant antennas.

How does a dipole antenna work?

What is a dual-band dipole antenna?

A dual-band dipole antenna that consists of a horn- and a C-shaped metallic arm is presented. Depending on the asymmetric arms, the antenna provides two −10 dB impedance bandwidths of 225 MHz (about 9.2% at 2.45 GHz) and 1190 MHz (about 21.6% at 5.5 GHz), respectively.

What is the bandwidth of the dipole antenna?

The wider the dipole antenna gets, the wider the bandwidth is. The center frequency for the thinnest dipole is 1.82 GHz, the 5mm width dipole is centered at 1.74 GHz, and the 10mm wide dipole has a center frequency of 1.65 GHz.

How long is a dipole antenna?

When determining how long to make each leg of a Dipole antenna, dividing the frequency in MHz into 468 will give the overall length. To find the half-wave, divide that number by two. This will give you the length of each leg of the antenna.

Can a dipole antenna be bent?

One way to fit a dipole antenna in a restricted space is to bend the legs. They can be bent horizontally, drooped downward, or any other imaginable configuration to fit in the space available.

What wire is used for dipole antenna?

The dipole gives much better performance than you may expect from such a simple antenna. To construct a dipole, use 10- to 18-gauge copper wire. It can be stranded or solid, bare or insulated.

What is a PCB antenna?

In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated using photolithographic techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB). It is a kind of internal antenna. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies.

What is an internal PCB antenna?

C&T RFs embedded/internal antennas are designed to directly integrate into devices requiring wireless capability. These highly efficient low-profile PCB-based antenna solutions are ideal for embedded applications requiring integration flexibility.

What is RF PCB?

Radiofrequency printed circuit boards (RF PCBs) are an exciting, fast-growing sector of the PCB manufacturing industry. The engineers at C&T RF can assist you with every step of the fabrication and assembly process, including material selection and key RF PCB manufacturing challenges to be aware of.

How does a PCB antenna work?

For 2.4-GHz applications, most PCB antennas fall into the following types: 1. Wire Antenna: This is a piece of wire extending over the PCB in free space with its length matched to λ/4 over a ground plane. This is generally fed by a 50-Ω4 transmission line.

What is the antenna polarity?

Antenna polarity refers to the orientation of the electric field of radio waves relative to the surface of the earth. The antenna can not only be polarized in one vertical or horizontal direction but also can be polarized in both vertical and horizontal directions at the same time.

What is antenna gain?

Antenna gain is a relative amount that measures whether the antenna can concentrate or guide the radiofrequency energy in a specific emission direction or emission mode. The unit is usually dBi or dBd.

Why do antennas radiate?

A conducting wire radiates mainly because of time-varying current or an acceleration (or decelerations) of charge. If there is no motion of charges in a wire, no radiation takes place, since no flow of current occurs. Radiation will not occur even if charges are moving with uniform velocity along a straight wire.

How do antenna arrays work?

An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. In general, the larger the number of individual antenna elements used, the higher the gain and the narrower the beam.

What is a receiving antenna?

Receiving antenna – a device for reception of radiofrequency (RF) A receiving antenna performs the reverse of the process performed by the transmission antenna. It receives radiofrequency radiation and converts it into electric currents in an electric circuit connected to the antenna.

Does a receiving antenna radiate?

There is no reception, no absorption of power, unless current flows in the receiver. And when current flows in the receiver, it re-radiates as a transmitter.

Does SWR affect reception?

No. Assuming we’re talking about a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms, a 50-ohm resistor (otherwise known as a dummy load) will show an SWR of 1:1, although it will almost certainly perform very poorly as either a receive or transmit antenna.

How is the antenna aperture calculated?

The effective antenna aperture/area is a theoretical value that is a measure of how effective an antenna is at receiving power. The effective aperture/area can be calculated by knowing the gain of the receiving antenna.

What happens if you transmit without an antenna?

Quite possibly no damage would have occurred. Most modern radios have foldback protection. When they sense high voltage from poor SWR they automatically reduce power to protect the finals.

What antenna has no gain in any direction?

In scientific lingo, this is said to be an isotropic radiator, because it has no preference for radiation in any direction. In other words, it has no directivity. An anisotropic antenna is said to have no gain. No gain can be expressed in linear terms like x1 (times 1).

What is antenna loading?

The amount of inductance or capacitance in series with an antenna, which determines the antenna’s electrical length. The practice of loading an antenna in order to increase its electrical length.

What does VSAT mean?

A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a small-sized earth station used in the transmit/receive of data, voice, and video signals over a satellite communication network, excluding broadcast television.

What do you mean by antenna efficiency?

Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of power radiated (Prad) by the antenna to the power supplied (Ps) to the antenna. An ideal antenna has 100% antenna efficiency i.e., it transmits all the power fed to it. But in the real world, a good antenna radiates only 50 to 60% of the power supplied to it.

How does an antenna resonate?

A radio antenna is a form of a tuned circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance, and as a result, it has a resonant frequency. This is the frequency where the capacitive and inductive reactances cancel each other out. Antennas for short-wave applications are larger still.

What are the important parameters of an antenna?

Typical parameters of antennas are gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern, beamwidth, polarization, and impedance. The antenna pattern is the response of the antenna to a plane wave incident from a given direction or the relative power density of the wave transmitted by the antenna in a given direction.

What is the formula of antenna efficiency?

Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of power radiated (Prad) by the antenna to the power supplied (Ps) to the antenna. The efficiency of an antenna is usually measured in an anechoic chamber where an antenna is fed with some power and the strength of the radiated electromagnetic field in the surrounding space is measured.

What is the most directional antenna?

Parabolic antennas
Parabolic antennas are the most efficient type of directional antennas because they have small side lobes, sharp radiation angles, and a large front-back ratio.

What does a Yagi antenna do?

Yagi antennas use mutual coupling between standing-wave current elements to produce a traveling-wave unidirectional pattern. It consists of an array of dipoles and additional closely coupled parasitic elements. The elements in the Yagi antenna are usually welded to a conducting rod or tube at their centers.

What is antenna and why we require antenna?

An Antenna is a device that changes the RF signal into an equivalent electromagnetic wave. So that it can be transmitted into free space. Antennas are required at the time of both transmission and reception. Thus radio wave communication needs transmitting as well as receiving antennas.

How long is a 2.4 Ghz antenna?

About 28.8 mm. The length of the antenna on a typical 2.4GHz receiver is 28.8 to 32 mm long, most are about 28.8 mm. The antenna is that length of bare line often at the end of a longer coaxial cable to move the antenna farther out from the receiver.

What is the drawback S of resonance antenna?

Energy will “bounce back” from the antenna to your transceiver. May potentially damage it. Energy “bounced” from the antenna may cause intermodulation distortion in your transmitter. The transmitter will become a poor mixer (the device may not be compliant/legal, may transmit undesired frequencies).

How does current flow in an antenna?

The current in each part of the antenna flows in the same direction. … The charge and current on the dipole create fields that are perpendicular to each other. The electric field, E, flows from the positive charge to the negative charge placed on the elements by the voltage applied to the antenna.

What is WWAN?

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), which represents the wireless network of China Mobile Unicom, has a characteristic transmission distance of <15km, a transmission rate of about 3Mbps, and a faster development speed. WWAN is a communication method that uses wireless networks to connect local area networks (LANs) with extremely dispersed physical distances.

What is WLAN?

WLAN is the abbreviation of Wireless Local Area Network, which refers to the application of wireless communication technology to interconnect computer equipment to form a network system that can communicate with each other and realize resource sharing.

What is WMAN?

Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN) refers to a locally distributed wireless network that transmits information between distributed nodes that cover the city and its suburbs. It can realize multi-business access services such as voice, data, image, multimedia, and IP.

What is WPAN?

A wireless personal network (WPAN) is a wireless network formed by interconnecting several devices in a small area, usually within the reach of the equipment. The wireless personal network utilizes the openness and short-distance wireless communication technology of Bluetooth.

What is GSM?

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. It was first deployed in Finland in December 1991.

What is GPRS?

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication network’s global system for mobile communications. GPRS was established by European Telecommunications Standards Institute in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies.

What is 2.4 GHz WiFi?

2.4GHz is a short-distance wireless transmission technology for open-source use. 2.4GHz refers to a working frequency band, and 2.4GHz ISM (Industry Science Medicine) is a wireless frequency band that is publicly used all over the world. Bluetooth technology works in this frequency band. Working in the 2.4GHz frequency band can get a larger range of use.

What is 5.8 GHz WiFi?

The 5.8 GHz radio can support up to 1300 Mbps. That’s a pretty big difference in wireless speed. Most devices in your home, including cordless telephones, Bluetooth devices, garage door openers, and even baby monitors, run on the 2.4 GHz frequency.

What is 900 MHz?

The 33-centimeter or 900 MHz band is a portion of the UHF radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio on a secondary basis. It ranges from 902 to 928 MHz and is unique to ITU Region 2. It is primarily used for very local communications as opposed to bands lower in frequency.

What is 915 MHz?

915 MHz is the center frequency of the band bounded by 902 and 928 MHz. Within this band, FCC regulations allow 50 mV/m electrical field strength, at a distance of 3 meters from the transmitting antenna. FCC regulations for the 915-MHz ISM band, place no restrictions on the type of application or duty cycle.

What is 433 MHz?

LPD433 (low-power device 433 MHz) is a UHF band in which license-free communication devices are allowed to operate in some regions. The frequencies correspond with the ITU region 1 ISM band of 433.050 MHz to 434.790 MHz, and operation is limited to CEPT countries.

What is 868 MHz?

The RF 868MHz is a public bandwidth European Low Power Network (LPWAN) as Sigfox and LoRaWan are using for communicating. This bandwidth is regulated by different norms like ERC-REC-70-3E in Europe and has national norms in relation.

What is 169 MHz?

169 MHz radio frequency spectrum:

The 169 MHz radio frequency band (169.4 – 169.8125 MHz more precisely), formerly known as the ERMES band, was historically used by pagers-type services.

The ISM 169 MHz radio frequency spectrum is open and royalty-free in Europe, working as a license-free band for Short-range devices, with the common spectrum occupancy restrictions this shared spectrum has.

What is 315 MHz?

The frequency used by the radio remote control is 433Mhz or 315Mhz also referred to as 433 remote control and 315 remote control. The wireless remote control uses the nationally prescribed open frequency band.

In this frequency band, the transmission power is less than 10mW and the coverage is less than 100m If it does not exceed the scope of this unit, it can be used freely without having to go through the approval of the Radio Management Committee.

What is Lora?

Lora is a proprietary low-power wide-area network modulation technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum technology. It was developed by Cycleo of Grenoble, France, and acquired by Semtech, the founding member of the LoRa Alliance and it is patented.

What is ISM?

The ISM frequency bands are industrial, scientific, and medical respectively. Therefore, as the name suggests, the ISM frequency band is a certain frequency band that countries have set aside and is mainly used by industrial, scientific, and medical institutions.
ISM Band is defined by ITU-R (ITU Radiocommunication Sector).

What is 6G?

In telecommunications, 6G is the sixth-generation standard currently under development for wireless communications technologies supporting cellular data networks. It is the planned successor to 5G and will likely be significantly faster.

What is 5G NR?

5G NR (New Radio) is a new radio access technology (RAT) developed by 3GPP for the 5G (fifth generation) mobile network. It was designed to be the global standard for the air interface of 5G networks. The 3GPP specification 38 series provides the technical details behind NR, the RAT beyond LTE.

What is 4.5G?

LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro, also known as 4.5G, 4.5G Pro, 4.9G, Pre-5G, 5G Project) is a name for 3GPP release 13 and 14.

It is the next-generation cellular standard following LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and supports data rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s using 32-carrier aggregation. It also introduces the concept of License Assisted Access, which allows sharing of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.

Additionally, it incorporates several new technologies associated with 5G, such as 256-QAM, Massive MIMO, LTE-Unlicensed, and LTE IoTthat allow the evolution of existing networks into supporting the 5G standard.

What is 3.5G?

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third-generation) mobile communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family. HSDPA is also known as 3.5G, 3G+, or Turbo 3G.
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile protocols, High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing 3G mobile telecommunication networks using the WCDMA protocols.

A further improved 3GPP standard, Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (also known as HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard allows bit rates to reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the uplink. However, these speeds are rarely achieved in practice.

What is 4G?

4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G, and preceding 5G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced.

What is 3G?

3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2.5G GPRS and 2.75G EDGE networks, for faster data transfer.

What is 2G?

2G (or 2-G) is short for a second-generation cellular network. 2G cellular networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.

2G technologies enabled the various networks to provide services such as text messages, picture messages, and MMS.

With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 40 kbit/s.With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s.

What is 1G?

1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology (mobile telecommunications).

These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications.

The main difference between these two mobile cellular generations is that the audio transmissions of 1G networks were analog, while 2G networks were entirely digital.

What is 3G 4G 5G?

4G is more spectrally efficient than 3G, just as 5G is more spectrally efficient than 4G. Each generation delivers more data per hertz than the previous one. 3G works at frequencies up to 2.1Gigahertz, 4G up to 2.5Gigahertz, and 5G can be up to 95 Gigahertz. That is why there is a lot of hype around 5G.

What does the G stand for in 3G 4G 5G?

The “G” associated with cellular networks stands for generation. 5G is the fifth and newest generation of cellular network technology and it should expand the capacity for mobile networks, allowing more devices to use the network than ever before.

What is the difference between 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G?

4G Vs. 5G. Simply, the “G” stands for “GENERATION”. For example, 1G offers 2.4 kbps, 2G offers 64 Kbps and is based on GSM, 3G offers 144 kbps-2 Mbps whereas 4G offers 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps and is based on LTE technology.

How do 3G 4G and 5G work?

Each generation delivers more data per hertz than the previous one. 3G works at frequencies up to 2.1Gigahertz, 4G up to 2.5Gigahertz, and 5G can be up to 95 Gigahertz. 5G networks will also use ‘small cells’ compared to ‘macrocells’ used in 4G networks.

What company makes 5G beamforming antennas?

C&T RF Antennas Inc provides smart radar and 5G antenna platforms for autonomous vehicles and wireless communication respectively. Its beamforming/beam shaping technology leverages adaptive metamaterials (capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves for better performance) and artificial intelligence.

What is beamforming in 5G?

Beamforming is the application of multiple radiating elements transmitting the same signal at an identical wavelength and phase, which combine to create a single antenna with a longer, more targeted stream that is formed by reinforcing the waves in a specific direction.

Why do we use beamforming?

Beamforming is a technique that focuses a wireless signal towards a specific receiving device, rather than having the signal spread in all directions from a broadcast antenna, as it normally would. The resulting more direct connection is faster and more reliable than it would be without beamforming.

Which channels in 5G can use the beamforming technique?

Digital beamforming (MU-MIMO) is used in LTE Advanced Pro (transmission modes 7,8, and 9) and in 5G NR. Digital beamforming improves the cell capacity as the same PRBs (frequency/time resources) can be used to transmit data simultaneously for multiple users.

What type of antenna does 5G use?

Key elements of the 5G NR infrastructure are the active antenna arrays, allowing multi-user MIMO technologies. These antenna modules use beamforming for targeted radio contact with the receiver. Simulation of a 5G massive MIMO array antenna in a network environment.

Why MIMO is used in 5G?

5G Massive MIMO is one of the keys enables for increasing throughput and resilience on the 5G New Radio for FR1 and FR2 bands. MIMO is one of the key enabling techniques for 5G wireless technology, providing increases in throughput and signal-to-noise ratio.

What 5G means for IoT?

5G promises the higher bandwidth and ultra-reliable, low-latency communication needed for the next generation of IoT devices to drive the digital transformation of business processes, transportation, smart IT, and public safety.

Why MIMO is used in 5G?

How does 5G benefit IoT?

5G networks offer tremendous benefits to manufacturers in terms of data speed, latency, efficiency, reliability, capacity, and security. Manufacturers are attracted by the many gains IoT offers: less machine downtime, higher product quality, predictive maintenance, and more informed decision-making.

How does 5G affect IoT?

5G Will Quickly Become The New Standard For Cellular Networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly developing and expanding. 5G will increase cellular bandwidth by huge amounts, making it much easier for the Internet of Things to network large numbers of devices together.

Does IoT need 5G?

With 5G we will increase the data rate, reduce the end-to-end latency, and improve coverage. These properties are particularly important for many applications related to IoT. One example is emerging autonomous cars and intelligent transportation, to which small latency is essential.

How does 5G enable IoT?

With 5G, data-transfer speeds will increase significantly. According to reports, 5G will be 10 times faster than current LTE networks. This increase in speed will allow IoT devices to communicate and share data faster than ever.

What is Wi-Fi?

Wi-Fi also known as a mobile hotspot, is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance manufacturer as a product brand certification and is a wireless local area network technology created in the IEEE 802.11 standard.

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices such as computers (laptops and desktops), mobile devices (smartphones and wearables), and other equipment (printers and video cameras) to interface with the Internet. It allows these devices–and many more–to exchange information with one another, creating a network.

What is cellular network?

A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless. The network is distributed over land areas called “cells”, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (typically three cell sites or base transceiver stations).

These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for the transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.

What is GNSS?

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a constellation of satellites providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers. These receivers then use this data to determine their location.

What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System, originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.

What is GLONASS?

GLONASS (Russian: ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, Global Navigation Satellite System), is a space-based satellite navigation system operating as part of a radio navigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to GPS and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.

What is Beidou?

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations. The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System and also known as BeiDou-1, consisted of three satellites which, beginning in 2000, offered limited coverage and navigation services, mainly for users in China and neighboring regions.

What is 802.11?

802.11 is an IEEE standard for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications in the 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5 GHz frequency bands. Except 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ac Wave 2, 802.11ah, 802.11ax.

What is decibel (dB)?

Decibel (dB) is a logarithmic scale unit that measures the sound level or electrical signal power level relative to a given level. It is usually used for radio and sound measurement. One decibel is one-tenth of one bell.

What is dBi?

dBi (decibel isotropic) is a decibel unit relative to an isotropic radiator. It is used to measure the RF gain of an antenna system relative to an isotropic radiator.

What is an isotropic radiator?

An isotropic radiator is a single point that theoretically radiates energy uniformly in each direction in free space as the sun shines.

Why is dBi negative?

A negative dBi gain means that the antenna is not radiating very well at all in that direction in comparison to an isotropic antenna. If your gain is in dBi which is decibels compared to an isotropic (uniform) radiator, it’s allowed to be negative; it just means it is not very efficient.

What is dB signal strength?

Cellular signal strength is measured in decibels (dB) and typically ranges from -50 dB to -110 dB. This means that every 3 dB increase doubles the power. For example, -67 dB is twice the power of -70 dB. Every 6 dB will approximately double the coverage distance from the antenna (or cell tower).

What is the gain of an antenna?

Antenna gain is the ability of the antenna to radiate more or less in any direction compared to a theoretical antenna. If an antenna could be made as a perfect sphere, it would radiate equally in all directions. Such an antenna is theoretically called an isotropic antenna and does not in fact exist.

What dB means for an antenna?

Antenna gain in decibels. dB is antenna gain in decibels reference to how much times gain increase there is with respect to 1(0dB). dBi is antenna gain with respect to an isotropic antenna. Since the isotropic antenna has a gain of 1 ( 0 dB) that’s why here dB and dBi are the same. A gain of 3 dB means a 2 times increase in gain.

What is dB gain on the antenna?

Antenna gain: is the relative measurement of an antenna’s ability to direct or concentrate the radiated signal emitting from it. Gain is measured in Dbi (decibels relative to an isotropic radiator) or Dbd (decibels relative to a dipole radiator). A change in power by a factor of 10 is a 10 dB change in level.

What is considered good antenna gain?

In every direction, the power gain of an isotropic antenna is equal to the efficiency and hence is always at most 1, though it can and ideally should exceed 1 for a directional antenna.

Which antenna gives the highest gain?

The dipole antenna gives the highest gain.

dBd – “decibels relative to a dipole antenna”. Note that a half-wavelength dipole antenna has a gain of 2.15 dBi. Hence, 7.85 dBd means the peak gain is 7.85 dB higher than a dipole antenna; this is 10 dB higher than an isotropic antenna.

What is the highest DBI Antenna?

The powerful 2.4 GHz dipole antenna has a whopping 22 dB of gain. This is one of the most powerful omnidirectional dipole antenna available.

Ideally, you would want this antenna to act as the central point to your WiFi, WAN, or 802.11 devices and feed the other directional outside wireless networks to this antenna.

Does antenna gain affect reception?

Higher gain antennas can increase your reception (it will be directional and match the transmission pattern of that specific antenna.).

What are the types of antenna losses?

Typically the simplest is to consider two types of loss: ohmic loss and ground loss.

Is a higher dBi Antenna better?

The higher the dBi number of the antenna, the higher the gain, but less of a broad field pattern, meaning that the signal strength will go further but in a narrower direction, as illustrated in the diagram below.

What is negative gain?

Negative gain means the output is inverted from the input. For the gain to be negative, the output would have to go down when the input goes up, which is clearly not happening in your case.

What is negative antenna gain?

A negative directive gain in a certain direction means radiated power is less than the average value. If the gain is negative in all directions, then the antenna is not working (radiating properly). This can happen at certain frequencies, or when the antenna is not properly matched.

Why is dB in the negative?

Since the decibel uses a human threshold as a constant, any sound pressure that is lower than the threshold of hearing will register as a negative decibel. The actual pressure level in pascals would still be a positive value. For audio, 0 dB means that your ears just start to hear something in complete silence.

What is the range of a 12dbi antenna?

Between 1 and 3 miles
Working on the 2.4GHz frequency, this outdoor antenna will receive or transmit signals up to 4 miles away under ideal circumstances. Normal conditions will allow it to operate between 1 and 3 miles.

What is antenna gain explain with its formula?

Antenna gain indicates how strong a signal an antenna can send or receive in a specified direction. Gain is calculated by comparing the measured power transmitted or received by the antenna in a specific direction to the power transmitted or received by a hypothetical ideal antenna in the same situation.

What is a 5dbi antenna?

With any antenna, the apparent increase in signal is not an amplification of the signal, but it is the act of redistribution of available Radio Frequency (RF) signal into a preferred direction. The increase in a signal using an antenna is called gain and is measured in dBi. The 5dBi antenna is an antenna with 5dBi gain.

Is higher dB better for an antenna?

On an open and flat highway, a high gain antenna will be better, 3 dB, 6 dB, etc. If your desired coverage area is hilly then a ¼ wave omnidirectional antenna will be better. The other type of gain is directional and is important for base stations.

What is a LoRa antenna?

915 MHz band in the US and 868 MHz in Europe. Lora antennas also called Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) antennas, use advanced signal processing to achieve long-range communications at wavelengths smaller than 1 GHz.

How do I choose a LoRa antenna?

In Europe, the LoRaWAN profile operates in several channels close to 868MHz. So, before you look at the dBi gain, you should look at the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) for the antenna. This should be as close as possible to 1 at 868MHz.

How far can Lora transmit?

The stated range is more than 10 km, between 15 to 20 km. We would say typically 10 km. However, other factors will influence this “realistic range” – such as the network and node-gateway positioning, surrounding environment (presence of physical obstacles), antenna performance, Tx power mode, etc.

What is the maximum range of LoRa?

Why is LoRa long-range?

LoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s depending upon the spreading factor.

Is LoRa free?

Lora and LoraWAN belong to the category of non-cellular LPWAN wireless communication network protocols and players, operating in the license-free spectrum. Accordingly, LPWANs may often be classified as licensed and licensed-free LPWAN ecosystems. Lora and Sigfox fall under non-cellular IoT technologies.

Why is LoRa so expensive?

The transmission distance is the most important parameter index to measure the wireless module. Under the same power, the transmission distance of the LoRa module is much longer than other wireless modules.

What is LoRa good for?

LoRa Technology has revolutionized IoT by enabling data communication over a long-range while using very little power. In effect, LoRa Technology is flexible for rural or indoor use cases in smart cities, smart homes and buildings, smart agriculture, smart metering, and smart supply chain and logistics.

What frequency does LoRa use?

Lora (Long-Range) is digital wireless data communication IoT technology. Lora transmits over license-free megahertz radio frequency bands: 169 MHz, 433 MHz (Asia), 868 MHz (Europe), and 915 MHz (North America). LoRa enables very long-range wireless data transmission.

Who invented LoRa?

The story of LoRa began in 2009 when two friends in France aimed at developing a long-range, low-power modulation technology. Despite encountering resistance, as with most disruptive technologies, Nicolas Sornin and Olivier Seller continued dedicating their time to turn the idea into a reality.

How many devices can connect to LoRa Gateway?

A single LoRaWAN Gateway can accommodate 1,000s of devices or nodes, multiple Gateways provide resilience to smart solutions.

What is the difference between LoRa and LoRaWAN?

Lora is the physical layer or the (wireless) modulization which creates the long-range communication link. LoRaWAN is about the communication protocol and system architecture for the network as the LoRa Alliance puts it. Or even simpler: LoRaWAN is the network (WAN = Wide Area Network).

How do I increase my LoRa range?

LoRa processing gain is introduced in the RF channel by multiplying the data signal with a spreading code or chip sequence. By increasing the chip rate, we increase the frequency components of the total signal spectrum.

Do I need a LoRa Gateway?

Yes, a network server must be used for LoRaWAN if you want to be able to easily set up and manage your nodes and gateways, however, you do not have to use a solution developed by them or even TTN for that matter, you could develop your own (if you had the hardware, man-power, and ability).

What is special about LoRa?

LoRa is the wireless platform of the Internet of Things (IoT). Semtech’s LoRa chipsets connect sensors to the Cloud and enable real-time communication of data and analytics that can be utilized to enhance efficiency and productivity.

Can LoRa work without the Internet?

Connection from the gateway to the center is usually done via existing Ethernet/WiFi infrastructures or mobile internet (3G/4G), whatever suits you best. Besides, the LoRa modules can be used for a low-level, point-to-point LoRa (not LoRaWAN) connection between two such modules. No gateway here.

What is the frequency?

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one event per second.

What is a microwave?

Microwave refers to all radio frequencies above 1 GHz. Microwave wavelengths are shorter than ordinary radio waves but longer than infrared. Microwaves are used in radar, communications, microwave oven heating, and various processes in the industry.

What is the frequency of a wave?

Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. The SI unit for wave frequency is the hertz (Hz), where 1 hertz equals 1 wave passing a fixed point in 1 second. A higher-frequency wave has more energy than a lower-frequency wave with the same amplitude.

What is a frequency band?

A frequency band is an interval in the frequency domain, delimited by a lower frequency and an upper frequency. The term may refer to a radio band or an interval of some other spectrum.

Is a full wavelength antenna better?

A full wavelength vertical antenna will have a big null at the horizon with lobes pointing up and down and a wet noodle will probably work better unless your talking to the space shuttle.

What is wavelength in antenna?

Since the speed of light in a vacuum or air is very close to the speed of light in an antenna (~80%), the length of the antenna will be close to the wavelength of the EM wave. In fact, most simple antennas have a length close to half the wavelength of the signal they are built to receive.

Does antenna shape matter?

Obviously, the waves arriving at an antenna from a transmitter are exactly the same, no matter what shape and size the antenna happens to be. A different pattern of dipoles will help to concentrate the signal so it’s easier to detect.

Why does the length of antenna matter?

Because the antenna length is based on the wavelength the shorter the antenna the less energy it can collect. The longer the antenna the more energy it can collect.

Does antenna cable length matter?

Let’s get the basic answer out of the way up front: Yes, cable length can and will have a negative impact on TV signal, because it’s an imperfect transmission medium, and signal degradation is a known issue.

What is the best antenna length?

Yes, taller/longer is better for range of distance when it comes to an antenna and the optimal antenna length is 1/4 wavelength. That translates to 102 inches (8.5 feet), too tall to be practical for most mobile applications.

Can an antenna be too long?

Long story short, too much antenna can be a problem, those problems can be ameliorated but it may be easier to keep the antenna matched to the receiver.

Can an antenna be any length?

In general yes, it can be any reasonable length (e.g. not infinite). The principle of antenna is based on Electrical resonance , the efficiency depends (beside other factors) on the Electrical length of the antenna and the frequency of the signal (and tons of other factors).

What is multipath interference?

Multipath interference refers to the interference phenomenon of the reflected signal and delayed signal to the undelayed target main signal, which can cause image ghosting in wireless analog TV and cause errors in the digital transmission system.

What is the path budget?

The path budget is a mathematical model that takes into account various factors that may affect the operating range and performance of the wireless communication link, and is sometimes called the link budget.

What is path loss?

Path loss refers to the attenuation of the signal due to factors such as terrain, obstacles and environmental conditions during the transmission process, in decibels.

What is fading margin?

The fading margin refers to the loss of the signal in the transmission path due to environmental factors such as terrain and atmospheric conditions, in decibels.

What is a point-to-point network?

A point-to-point network is a communication channel architecture that extends from one point to another. Point-to-point wireless links should use directional antennas.

What is a point-to-multipoint network?

Point-to-multipoint network structure is a network structure that extends from one point to multiple other points. Such networks should use both omnidirectional and directional antennas.

What are radio waves?

Radio waves refer to electromagnetic waves corresponding to the frequencies used in long-range communications. Radio waves are a combination of electric and magnetic fields that periodically change at radio frequency, and their propagation speed in space is the speed of light.

What is radiofrequency?

Radiofrequency generally refers to a frequency of 20 kHz to 100 GHz, and often refers to any signal emitted through a closed medium such as a transmission cable or the air.

What is a good signal strength?

Ideal Signal Strength
For higher-throughput applications like voice over IP or streaming video, -67 dBm is better, and some engineers recommend -65 dBm if you plan to support mobile devices like iPhones and Android tablets.

What is dBm signal strength?

On Android phones, the signal strength can be found in the Settings menu. Click About Phone, then select Status (or SIM Card Status). The signal is listed in dBm signal strength and ASU. ASU stands for Arbitrary Strength Unit and is a value proportional to the received signal strength measured by the mobile phone.

Is 1.5 SWR good?

SWR 1.0-1.5: The ideal range! If your SWR is under 1.5, you’re in great shape. SWR 1.5 – 1.9: There’s room for improvement, but SWR in this range should still provide adequate performance. Occasionally, due to installations or vehicle variables, it’s impossible to get SWR lower than this.

Why the SWR goes higher when I use an amplifier?

Power reflected back down the feedline, or coax that the antenna is not radiating. Therefore, because the antenna is not tuned for this garbage the amplifier is creating, it’s reflected, and your SWR meter “sees” this, and tells you you have a high amount of reflected power, or in other words, a high SWR.

Can SWR be too low?

To answer the original question very simply, no, SWR can’t be too low. It can be too high. And, an SWR of something around 1.5:1 isn’t a problem especially with the average 102″ whip (in fact, it’s pretty good).

Is a higher or lower dBm better?

Signal to Noise Ratio
This value is represented as a +dBm value. In general, you should have a minimum of +25dBm signal-to-noise ratio. Lower values than +25dBm result in poor performance and speeds.

What is VLF?

Very low frequency (VLF) 3 kHz~30 kHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 100 km~10 km of the very long wave.

What is LF?

Low frequency (LF) 30 kHz ~ 300 kHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 10 km ~ 1 km longwave.

What is MF?

The intermediate frequency (MF) is 300 kHz to 3000 kHz, and the wavelength of the corresponding electromagnetic wave is 1000 m to 100 m.

What is HF?

High frequency (HF) 3 MHz～30 MHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 100 m～10 m for short wave.

What is VHF?

Very high frequency (VHF) 30 MHz~300 MHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 10 m~1 m in meter wave.

What is UHF?

Ultra-high frequency (UHF) 300 MHz～3000 MHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 100cm～10 cm of decimeter wave.

What is SHF?

Super-high frequency (SHF) 3 GHz~30 GHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 10 cm~1 cm in centimeter wave.

What is EHF?

Extremely high frequency (EHF) 30 GHz ~ 300 GHz, the corresponding electromagnetic wave wavelength is 10 mm ~ 1 mm millimeter wave.

What is the UWB antenna?

Ultra-wideband was formerly known as pulse radio, but the FCC and the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) currently define UWB as an antenna transmission for which emitted signal bandwidth exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency.

What type of antenna is used in cell phone towers?

For mobile phones, and common configuration is the quarter-wave antenna with a half-wave antenna mounted above it. The cell site is used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment that provides coverage within a cell.

What are electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are the propagation of changing electric and magnetic fields in space.

What kinds of antennas are there?

There are omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas, including single-polarized antennas, dual-polarized antennas, dual-frequency dual-polarized antennas, and electrically adjustable antennas.

What is a WIFI antenna?

In wireless communication systems, antennas are used for both the transmitter and the receiver. These vary in length depending on the system. For example, a Wi-Fi antenna is shorter than the antenna of a stationary radio.

How do you aim a WiFi antenna?

The direction of radiation emitted will be perpendicular to the direction you point to the antenna. That means, If your WiFi router antenna position is vertical, it will emit radiation in a horizontal plane. If you are pointing the WiFi antenna horizontally, waves will be emitted vertically.

What is a WiFi antenna connector?

WiFi Connectors, are the antenna / RF connection, that goes between a WiFi Access Point, Router, Client, or other WiFi devices with an external antenna, and with the proper WiFi Cable, allows you to install a low loss cable between your WiFi device and your antenna. Cable is very important.

How do you use an SMA antenna?

Anything 2.4GHz (Bluetooth, ZigBee, WiFi, and Nordic) use the new convention: RP-SMA male on the antennas and RP-SMA female on the modules. Cellular and GPS (900/1700/1800MHz and 1.57542GHz respectively) use the old convention: SMA male for the antennas and SMA female for the modules.

What is the role of the antenna in the router?

A large antenna can boost the Wi-Fi range of your signal and this guarantees a more reliable Wi-Fi signal. A router’s signal could be sometimes weak due to factors like obstacles, power, output, and distance. Obstacles could even be the furniture in the house and trees.

How many antennas does a router need?

The number of antennas that a WiFi router has matters a lot for: Provide higher WiFi speed to clients with two antennas or more. Provide higher speed globally if MU-MIMO is supported. The greater capacity of the WiFi network, more the number of connected WiFi clients without the speed being affected too much.

Do router antennas make a difference?

Yes, your router affects your internet speed. It manages and processes all the data from your home network—so a good router makes the most of your internet speed, while a slow router can bog it down.

Do you need 2 WIFI antennas?

Having two antennas is therefore especially useful for moving transceivers (laptops, phones, etc.) or for transceivers that need to talk to many others at the same time (the router). Your router has two antennas, so make sure to position them optimally for your setup.

Can a router increase Internet speed?

How many antennas does a router need?

Do antennas help WiFi?

Do antennas receive or transmit? Both. While a WiFi signal consists of both information being sent and received by both parties, it’s important to know that the antenna acts to IMPROVE the chances of success of the radio it’s connected to.

Does Dual Band mean two antennas?

Dual-band antennas have lots of practical uses, especially for mobile devices. These antennas operate on two bands or frequencies (similar to radio stations) and can either work on these different frequencies one at a time or simultaneously, depending on the capabilities of the individual antenna.

Does it matter which way your router faces?

Whether you have one or two of them, it doesn’t really matter. What actually matters quite a lot is the way you position these ones. The same way you take care about positioning the router in the best possible place in the house, you always have to focus on placing the antennas the right way.

What is the best position to position a router antenna?

Position the antenna upward for a better horizontal reach, or sideways for vertical reach. In a multi-story home, positioning a router’s antenna sideways can help you get a better signal upstairs. Pointing an antenna up helps the router reach farther laterally.

Which router is better 2 antennas or 3 antennas?

Good 802.11n’s big speed boost over 802.11a and 802.11g is that it can use MIMO – ganging together multiple radio chains to boost performance. So if it turns out that both APs have one antenna per radio chain, it might be an indication that the three antenna units can go 50% faster than the two antenna units.

Why does the router have 3 antennas?

The main purpose of multiple antennas is service quality and speed. Multiple antennas can be hooked up to the same radio or to different radios in the router. The main purpose of multiple antennas is service quality and speed. Multiple antennas can be hooked up to the same radio or to different radios in the router.

Does more antennas on the router matter?

How to choose: Intuitively, it makes sense that more antennas on a router correlate with better signal directionality and optimum speeds. This is true, to an extent. Multiple antennas create several streams for sharing data over radio channels, which brings more bandwidth to your devices.

What is the difference between 2 antenna and 4 antenna router?

If the router has only 1 or 2 Antenna then it is only a 2.4Ghz single-band router. if 1 antenna means 150Mbps or if 2 Antenna means 300Mbps speed. If the Router has 4 or more antennas it means it is a Dual-band or Tri-band Wi-Fi router.

What is the range of two antenna router?

Wi-Fi networks have a range that’s limited by the frequency, transmission power, antenna type, the location they’re used in, and the environment. A typical wireless router in an indoor point-to-multipoint arrangement using 802.11n and a stock antenna might have a range of 50 meters (160 ft) or less.

Does 5GHz WiFi go through walls?

There are some disadvantages to going to a 5GHz wireless network. 5 GHz networks do not penetrate solid objects such as walls nearly as well as do 2.4 GHz signals. This can limit access points to reach inside buildings like homes and offices where many walls may come between a wireless antenna and the user.

What is the difference between a single antenna and a double antenna router?

A Single-band router uses the 2.4GHz band and is limited to one wireless signal. A Dual-band router uses two bands: 2.4GHz and 5GHz, which means that they transmit two simultaneous wireless signals, providing better performance, and compared to a single-band router, a dual-band router is easier to set up.

What is the difference between aerial and antenna?

An antenna is used for transmitting radio waves, whether used for radio, television, cell phones, or other more sophisticated equipment. Aerials are used for reception, not for transmission. The most common use which most people would be accustomed to is the aerial that is used for car radio.

What is the benefit of a dual antenna?

The dual-antenna heading works while both stationary and moving and allows for very accurate heading in both slow-moving and 3D vehicles, whereas equivalent single-antenna systems must rely on magnetic heading. An additional benefit of the dual antennas is the ability to measure slip angle to within 0.2 degrees.

Can you get free Internet with an antenna?

To receive a Wi-Fi signal, a computer must have a special device to receive and send wireless signals called a wireless adapter. Many businesses provide wireless Internet as a free service to their customers. With a wireless adapter and Wi-Fi antenna, you can connect to the Internet for free at these locations.

Does a router need an antenna?

It depends. If it is an expensive router with external antennas, then yes it will be better. However, there are some expensive routers with internal antennas that out-perform many external antenna routers. This allows it to do beam-forming and dedicate a specific antenna to specific devices in specific directions.

Does more antennas on the router matter?

Do I need a WiFI antenna for my PC?

WiFI adapters are very high frequency. VHF only needs a small antenna because the actual wavelengths are that small. Without the antenna the adapter may still establish a connection however there would be a tremendous loss in quality.

What is the purpose of a WiFi antenna?

Why are there 2 WiFi antennas?

A dual Wi-Fi antenna is a pair of identical antennas on a wireless router or Wi-Fi-equipped device, intended to eliminate signal fading and dead spots. A dual antenna on either the router or the end-user device offers a solution to the problem of Wi-Fi fading, dead spots, and drop-outs.

Does WiFi go through walls?

In theory, Wi-Fi signals are capable of passing through walls and other obstacles relatively easily. However, in reality, some walls are thicker or use reinforced concrete and may block some of the signals. Materials such as drywall, plywood, other kinds of wood, and glass can be easily penetrated by wireless signals.

Do I need an amplifier for an antenna?

No. There’s a good reason why your digital antenna installation doesn’t come with an amplifier by default. Amplifiers can cause problems if you don’t need them or if they’re not used properly.

Where do you put an antenna amplifier?

The amplifier should be installed as close to the antenna as possible. It´s most commonly attached to the antenna mast using the included U-bolt clamp. Next, run a cable from the output of the pre-amp, usually labeled “TV OUT” or something similar. This should be the cable run that goes outside from the building.

What is the difference between transmitting and receiving?

The idea behind an antenna in a radio transmitter is to launch the radio waves into space. In a receiver, the idea is to pick up as much of the transmitter’s power as possible and supply it to the tuner.

What is the difference between a transmitter and an antenna?

How does antenna receive signal?

The antenna at the transmitter generates the radio wave. A voltage at the desired frequency is applied to the antenna. The voltage across the antenna elements and the current through them create the electric and magnetic waves, respectively. Thus, the antenna becomes the signal source for the receiver input.

Why transmitting antennas are much bigger than receiving antennas?

A large aperture implies high gain and also increases the order of the signal power level at the receiver. Deploying a high gain antenna will reduce the path loss too. ‘also larger length will imply larger power’ – The length of the antenna is related to the wavelength of the transmitted signal.

Can a transmitting antenna also be used as a receiving antenna?

If the operation is simplex, same antenna can be used for receive and transmit modes and at same frequency. For simultaneous operation, TDMA has to be applied and there has to be enough guard times. For duplex operation with two frequencies, a diplexer with enough insertion loss may be tried.

How do you transmit and receive signals?

The process of sending and receiving radio signals through wireless networks involves two devices, the transmitter and the receiver. The receiver picks up the waves with its antenna or aerial and turns the electric signal back into sound where it can be heard.

Why are GPS antennas ceramic?

As the ceramic acts as a gateway for RF signal, the larger the patch, the wider range of bands the antenna can effectively operate on. By contrast, a surface-mountable antenna can work effectively on these wide frequency bands.

What is a car antenna made of?

An antenna is an electrical device that sends or receives radio or television signals through the use of electromagnetic waves and frequencies. Most antennas are made of thin steel tubes, and many are telescopic, meaning they can move up or down as needed to pick up waves.

Does the length of an antenna matter?

Theoretically, a longer antenna will have a greater range, but it is far more important for optimal radio performance that the length of the antenna matches the frequency. More important than the length of the radio antenna is the height of the antenna.

Is a longer car antenna better?

In a nutshell, the longer the antenna the more signals it can catch. So for your truck trying to catch the wavelengths of your radio station, typically what is referred to as a quarter-length antenna is best, so that’s about 32 inches long.

What type of antenna is a TV antenna?

The most common types of indoor antennas are the dipole (“rabbit ears”) and loop antennas, and for outdoor antennas, the yagi, log periodic, and for UHF channels the multi-bay reflective array antenna.

Does aluminum foil help the antenna?

Step 1. Wrap your TV antenna in tin foil. Wrapping aluminum foil around your antenna will basically increase the surface area and conductivity of the antenna to boost the signal that your TV receives from it.

Do antenna amplifiers really work?

TV aerial amplifiers and signal boosters do work. They can help overcome signal losses because of cable resistance and because of the splitting of signals to multiple TVs. They won’t however miraculously convert a poor or weak TV signal, into a good reliable signal. But when used right they can fix your signal issues.

Can you use insulated wire for an antenna?

The short answer to the question as to whether or not you can use insulated wire for an antenna is “Yes you can”. The insulated wire will make your antenna appear physically shorter at the resonant point, but the difference is slight (estimated to be about 2%).

What happens if I don't ground my CB antenna?

A ground plane for a CB radio antenna is the metal surface required below the antenna. Damage to your CB radio may also occur if you do not have a proper ground plane because this generally causes a high SWR and the signal may back feed into the transceiver, causing internal damage to your radio.

How do I know if my CB antenna is grounded?

An easy way to test your antenna’s ground is checking continuity between the CB antenna mount and your vehicle ground because if the antenna mount is well-grounded so is your antenna. To test for continuity of electrical signal, you will need to touch the probes for your multi-meter in two locations.

Do I need a ground plane antenna?

The antenna system requires a ground plane for the radio wave to form. With dipoles, one-half of the antenna is your ground. In verticals, something below must provide ground to complete the RF wave.

Does the 5/8 wave antenna need a ground plane?

The absence of a ground plane or very small ground plane will cause the matching circuit for the 5/8 wave to be a little different due to less capacitance between the vertical element and the ground plane, otherwise, there is no “reflection or radiation from a second source” to produce a gain in a 5/8 wavelength antenna.

Can you use coax cable for antenna?

This can either be an open wire/twin feeder, or a coax can be used. Strictly speaking, a balun should be used when coax or coaxial cable is used. This is because the coax is what is termed an unbalanced feeder, i.e. the outer shield is connected to the earth and the antenna is balanced.

What is better 75 ohm or 300 ohm antenna?

With a 75 ohm connection you can use 75 ohm coax for the lead in. With a 300 ohm connection you have to use 300 ohm twin lead cable for the lead in. It used to be that 300 ohm twin lead was cheaper than coax. But you have to keep 300 ohm twin lead away form almost everything, especially metal.

Can I use a speaker wire for an antenna?

Definitely yes. In theory, every metal can be used as an antenna with varying results. In order to achieve maximum signal strength in the FM band, opt for a length of 28 inches ~(72 cm) of speaker cable (both strings), split it to create a dipole antenna, and connect the wires to the “balanced” input of the tuner.

Does a long wire antenna have to be straight?

This is a length of wire that is run from your receiver to a point as far from the radio as possible. The antenna wire can be of any type that you can easily buy. Do not worry about keeping the wire straight across the room. Going around is fine and will not harm reception.

Why should the antenna radiation direction be correct?

The antenna radiation has different directions.

Each antenna has a different radiation direction and is responsible for cell-to-cell coverage and handover.

The strength of the electromagnetic wave emitted or received by the antenna in each direction is different.

The ratio of the square of the field intensity generated by the antenna radiation in this direction to the mean value of the square of the field intensity in each direction.

There is a proportional relationship between the radiated power and the square of the field strength.

Incorrect antenna direction will affect the transmission and reception of other antennas. And there will be crosstalk, dropped calls, and quality degradation, as well as adjacent channel interference.

How are antennas classified according to their working status?

According to the nature of work, it can be divided into a transmitting antenna and receiving antenna.

According to the purpose, it can be divided into communication antennas, broadcast antennas, TV antennas, radar antennas, etc.

According to the directivity, it can be divided into omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas.

According to the working wavelength, it can be divided into the ultra long-wave antenna, long-wave antenna, mediumwave antenna, short wave antenna, ultra short wave antenna, microwave antenna, etc.

According to the structure and working principle, it can be divided into line antennas and surface antennas.

According to the number of dimensions, it can be divided into two types, one-dimensional antenna, and two-dimensional antenna.

What is radio wave propagation?

Radio communication is to convert information into electrical signals and then modulate them to high-frequency oscillations. The transmitting antenna transmits the adjusted high-frequency current in the form of electromagnetic waves.

When the electromagnetic waves propagate to the receiving place, the receiving antenna will receives it and becomes a modulated high-frequency current that is amplified, demodulated, and taken out by the combiner and duplexer to achieve the purpose of communication.

What is the frequency range?

Frequency range is a term related to waves and communication. The frequency band used in wireless communication is only a small part of the electromagnetic wave frequency band, which defines the frequency range of radio waves.

The frequency range is very wide, the wavelength meters, and the wave speed is time. The three are closely related and cannot be separated.

What is the function of the antenna?

The function of the antenna is to transform the guided wave propagating on the transmission line into an electromagnetic wave propagating in an unbounded medium (usually free space), or vice versa. A component used in radio equipment to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.

What are the good antenna specifications?

The antenna should have good electrical specifications to complete the electromagnetic wave transmission and reception tasks; the antenna must have the good mechanical strength to ensure that it will not be deformed under any circumstances.

What are the characteristic parameters describing the antenna?

The characteristic parameters that describe the antenna include the pattern, directivity coefficient, gain, input impedance, radiation efficiency, polarization, and bandwidth.

Why is 90° required for the pole to hang the antenna?

The pole 900 antenna pole is the basis for installing the antenna. The pole is vertical and non-vertical, which is related to the adjustment of the antenna’s azimuth and inclination.

What are the requirements for antennas and feeders?

Both the antenna and the feeder should have good electrical indicators to complete the task of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. Both the antenna and the feeder should have the good mechanical strength to ensure that the structure of the antenna and the feeder are not deformed under any circumstances.

Why should we use hot-dip galvanizing for the pole?

The pole is the pillar of the antenna. The quality of the pole determines the longevity of the antenna. The hot-dip galvanized layer can withstand corrosion under harsher conditions for a long time. The galvanized layer can overcome and slow down atmospheric chemical and electrochemical corrosion of steel.

Why should the pole be connected to the ground wire of the building?

The pole, the frame, and the ground wire of the building are connected to prevent the antenna from being damaged by lightning so that the antenna can pass through the lightning zone safely and put the lightning into the ground.

Why is the lightning rod welded to the pole?

The lightning rods on the pole and antenna play an extremely important role. In thunder and lightning weather, it can protect the antenna-it must be installed within 45o so that the antenna can work normally in thunder and lightning weather.

Why is the antenna 10 cm above the top of the pole?

In order to firmly fix the antenna on the pole, the antenna back hoop does not fall off up and down, and the tilt angle can be adjusted smoothly. It can also be enough to discharge.

Why can't the antenna installation be tilted?

The antenna installation is tilted so that the vibrator inside the antenna will change. Electromagnetic waves also change their directions and waveforms, making the cell unable to work normally. Bring difficulties to future optimization work.

Why can't the 3M long small feeder be bent?

The small feeder of 3 meters is called the horizontal line. Its function is to regularly send the electromagnetic waves received by the antenna to the 7/8 feeder.

If the small feeder bends, the electromagnetic wave will be resisted, increasing the standing wave ratio.

Why is 5M~8M connected to the lightning protection net once?

The three-point grounding of the feeder must be connected to the cable rack.

The lightning received by the lightning rod passes the antenna to the first ground wire of the feeder and puts the current on the wire rack for discharge, and puts it on the lightning protection net of the building every 5-8 meters. Through this discharge, the current is gradually reduced, so that the feeder does not increase the current.

Why should the cable tray be horizontal?

The wire rack is flat and uneven, which is also a condition for the electromagnetic wave routing of the feeder to be changed. The smoother the wire rack, the better the electromagnetic waves, so that the electromagnetic waves can advance regularly on the feeder.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder be more than three bends?

Three bends are the norm for the feeder. More than three bends increase the reflected current. The larger the current, the higher the reflected power is.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder be biased?

After the 7/8 feeder is biased. It will produce an increase in current so that electromagnetic waves cannot pass normally. This will also increase the reflected power.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder be cut, and the copper skin is exposed?

If the feeder cut and exposed to the copper. This is the easiest way for water to enter, which will degrade and oxidize the outer channel body, and finally interrupt the communication.

How to adjust the bearing with the compass?

The compass is an instrument for adjusting the azimuth and inclination of the antenna.

The degree error indicated by the magnetic needle before and after rotation is not more than 0.5o. To measure the antenna azimuth, stand on the back of the antenna, 1 meter away from the antenna, and be in line with the antenna.

The compass should be flat, level in the center, and three points in a line. Divide the antenna and the back into 1/2 and face the center to know the azimuth.

Another method is to stand in front of the antenna, and the center point of the front of the antenna reflected by the plane mirror is consistent with the centerline of the compass mirror.

Why does the sector antenna have a downtilt angle?

Electromagnetic waves are established by space emission and reflection. Therefore, the angle between the maximum direction of radio wave emission on the vertical plane and the ground plane should be determined by the height of the space and the distance of the communication.

In order to transmit and receive the signal is strongest when the electromagnetic wave reaches the receiving point through space reflection, and the angle of the antenna must be adapted to the angle required by the electromagnetic wave.

After the antenna is set up, the antenna should be fixed and not changed. The inclination angle of the antenna is also fixed and does not change, if the antenna changes, the inclination angle also changes with the antenna. When the working wavelength is shorter, its tilt angle decreases; when the working wavelength is longer, its tilt angle increases.

As a result of tilt angle changes, the gain coefficient of the antenna in the predetermined direction will be reduced, and the signal at the receiving point will be weakened.

What is a single-polarized antenna?

Single-polarized antennas use 3 or 2 antennas as a radio frequency group. In the case of 3 antennas, two antennas are responsible for receiving, and one antenna is used as transmitting; when there are two antennas, one antenna is used as a pure receiving antenna, and one antenna combines transmitting and receiving functions.

The vibrator of a single-polarized antenna is vertical and horizontal. It is a standing wave antenna. It is the most basic unit antenna and is composed of multiple horizontally symmetrical vibrators. There is a reflector in the antenna element. The unidirectional reflector adopts grid reflection. It adopts an appropriate feeding method to transmit and receive.

What is a dual-frequency dual-polarized antenna?

The vibrators in the dual-frequency dual-polarized antenna are of different sizes. The 1800MHz vibrator is larger than the 900MHz vibrator. The structure is cross-shaped. The 900MHz vibrator is longer than the 1800MHz vibrator. The spatial direction patterns in the two vibrators are basically independent of the wavelength. , But it also has an impact.

Because the distance between the vibrator and the vibrator is too short, the structure of the antenna itself is complicated, which is easy to make mistakes, and the working band is basically unchanged. The width of the main lobe is wider, and the side lobe of the antenna is relatively small. So dual-frequency dual-polarized antennas are different from others.

What is a dual-polarized antenna?

There are two rows of vibrators in the dual-polarized antenna. The intersection line and side-connected four-wire or side-connected wireless form a set line, and the symmetrical vibrators are connected at equal distances on the set line through coupling elements.

If the electromagnetic wave coming from the main receiving direction first reaches the influencer and then transmits to the vibrator, the electromotive force induced by the electromagnetic wave on it will generate a voltage between the two points connecting the assembly line and the vibrator.

Under the action of voltage, a current is generated in the assembly line. This current flows along the assembly line from the first pair of vibrators to the second pair of vibrators in the form of a traveling wave current. The spatially propagating electric wave also reaches the second pair of vibrators and is induced in it. Current, the correspondence between current and electric wave, the total current on the same assembly line, and so on.

Polarization is performed on the vibrator, and electromagnetic waves from other directions act on the vibrator. The phase difference between the currents generated on the assembly line is different, and its magnitude in the direction of the electromagnetic wave, and the angle between the vibrator Related, the total current varies with the direction of electromagnetic waves, and the polarization method is changed.

What is the polarization of the antenna?

The polarization of the antenna refers to the direction of the electric field strength formed when the antenna radiates.

When the electric field strength direction is perpendicular to the ground, the electric wave is called a vertically polarized wave;

When the electric field strength direction is parallel to the ground, the electric wave is called a horizontally polarized wave.

Due to the characteristics of the electric wave, the horizontally polarized signal will generate a polarized current on the surface of the ground when it is close to the ground.

The polarized current generates heat due to the influence of the ground impedance, which causes the electric field signal to rapidly attenuate, while the vertical polarization method is not easy.

Polarized current is generated, thereby avoiding substantial attenuation of energy and ensuring effective signal propagation. Therefore, in mobile communication systems, vertical polarization is generally adopted.

What are the requirements for 7/8 and 1/2 feeder connections?

Don’t use excessive force when connecting the 7/8 and 1/2 interfaces. Excessive force will cause the female connector to open and make the contact bad and the standing wave ratio is too large.

Why should the joints be held on three, one, and five layers?

The three, one, and five layers of the joints are used to ensure easy maintenance when opening the joints. The middle layer of cement is to prevent rainwater from flowing in, and the outer five layers are to prevent the cement from spitting out.

Why is Vaseline oil used in the connector?

The connector itself contains mortar oil. In order to seal the joint well, put on a good leather pad and then mortar oil to ensure that moisture cannot enter the inner conductor.

Why is the 7/8 feeder lined with leather pads at the bends?

The feeder is turned through the wire rack. At the corner, it will be deformed when the hard feeder passes through and the leather pad is much better because the 7/8 feeder is hollow.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder enter water and moisture?

The 7/8 feeder is a hollow tube. Once the water and moisture feeder enters, the feeder will change, and rust will cause a serious signal drop and a short circuit.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder be used when the feeder deteriorates?

If the 7/8 feeder is deteriorated, there is uneven dental floss in the core; some inner conductors are green and white powder, the standing wave ratio greatly exceeds the standard.

Why should the 10M feeder be grounded at two places?

According to standardization, the 10M feeder is grounded at two places, which is more insurance to protect the indoor equipment. 3 grounds above 10M, 4 grounds above 65M, 5 grounds above 90M, so the longer the feeder down, the more grounded the better.

Why a hole a grounding not two grounding together into one hole?

One hole of the grounding point is to ensure that each ground wire has a good discharge performance.

Why can't we enter multiple feeders in one hole?

One hole for each feeder is to strengthen the firmness and tightness of the feeder, and at the same time make the label of the feeder clear.

Why can't the feeder cross the power line?

Because the induced current in the power line will destroy the electromagnetic wave signal and make the signal drop.

Why should the ground wire face the engine room?

The ground facing the computer room causes the lightning to discharge from the antenna side by step.

When the discharge reaches three points, the lightning will be discharged, which means that the lightning will not flow back.

The third point is grounded, why add copper bars?

The three points are grounded and connected to the attachment of the iron tower. After a long time, it will rust and conduct electricity badly. If it is connected to a copper bar, the copper bar has good electrical conductivity, and the copper bar plus the ground bus bar has better electrical conductivity when it enters the earth.

Why should the copper bar be installed under the wave crossing?

The copper bar is installed under the wave crossing so that the thunder and lightning can pass as quickly as possible without resistance.

Why do we need to install the wave channel and seal ring?

The sealing ring is installed to seal the engine room and prevent wind, dust, and moisture from entering the engine room.

Why do I need a clip to clamp feeder after 1meter?

A clip for the feeder per meter is to ensure that the feeder is tidy, it also ensures that the feeder does not sag, and it also ensures that the feeder does not oscillate and wear when the wind is strong.

In addition, the copper skin of the inner and outer conductors of the feeder is very thin. If the clip interval is too large, the copper skin thermally expands and contracts due to climate change, which will cause the feeder to deform.

Why are the antennas in the same place separated by 3Meters?

The sector and sector antennas must send and receive electromagnetic waves. If they are too close, they will affect each other, and the distance between 3Meters will not interfere. Antennas and antennas are too close to each other to generate energy coupling.

The receiving antenna of the same subdivision set is 3 meters; the horizontal distance of omnidirectional antennas is 4M; the horizontal distance of directional antennas is 2.5 meters; the vertical distance of different platforms is 1 meter.

Why can't there be other antennas in front of the antenna?

If other antennas are installed in front of the antenna, they will absorb each other and cause mutual influence.

Why can't the antenna and the advertising window be installed together?

The advertising window is a large conductive body, and the electromagnetic wave will be absorbed when the antenna and the advertising are arranged together.

Why should the antennas be installed on the same horizontal plane?

In order to achieve a good communication effect, each network is best on a horizontal plane, so that the antenna distance of each network is consistent with the antenna level.

Why is there 300Meters away from the building in front of the antenna?

There are obstructions in front of the antenna, which will affect the transmission and reception of the signal. The electromagnetic wave is emitted in a straight line, but it will be reflected when it encounters an object so that the sector cannot be fully covered.

Why do I need to install a suspension net when the feeder is hoisted on the tower?

A suspension net is a special tool for the feeder. When only the feeder is installed on the tower, the suspension net is dedicated to protecting the feeder from scratches and is permanently suspended on the tower. Once the feeder clip is loose, the suspension net is still normal. The feeder protection does not fall off.

Why can't the antenna on the tower be hung on the guardrail?

The platform barrier on the iron tower has a diameter of 3m-5meters and the antenna is hung on the barrier, which will affect the transmission and reception of the antenna. The barrier itself is a large conductor, half of the electromagnetic waves will be absorbed by it.

Do indoor lightning arresters need to be grounded?

The discharge of the arrester has a limit. Once a large amount of lightning enters the arrester, it will cause damage to the equipment. It is required that each arrester cannot be connected to the ground wire.

Why should the antenna be protected by lightning within 45°?

The lightning rod is used to protect the antenna to ensure that the antenna is damaged during thunderstorms. The antenna should be within 45o of the lightning rod because after all, there is resistance in the earth. When lightning strikes, it can even reach hundreds of thousands of volts. Voltage can cause harm to the antenna.

Why use cotton swabs to clean the base station?

The cotton swab is special equipment for the base station. The cotton swab is sterile because the inner needle is silver. Once the inner needle is manually passed, it must be cleaned with a cotton swab because there is sweat and sludge on the hand. The cotton swab also cleans the inner conductor in the scum.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder connector have copper pins and debris?

The 7/8 feeder connector should be cleaned up, leaving copper pins and debris, which will increase the standing wave ratio.

Why should the 7/8 indoor joint be wrapped half with tape?

After the 7/8 indoor joint is finished, half of it is wrapped with wide rubber to prevent the copper skin from being exposed when the joint is connected in the project.

Why should the four-antenna vertical pole be firm?

If the antenna vertical rod is not firm, the antenna direction and inclination will change.

Why can't the 7/8 feeder bend on the tower platform?

The iron tower itself has the function of absorbing signals, and the signal of the iron wire bends on the platform is reduced even more.

Why can't I hold the inner needle of the feeder connector by hand?

The inner needle is silver, especially clean. After installation with the sweating hand, it will rust and change, which will weaken the signal.

Why do we need to clean the wood and inner needles in the old base station?

To transform the old foundation to use the old antennas and connectors, the connectors and inner needles must be cleaned first, because the feeders and connectors have been in operation for several years, and the connectors and inner connectors must be cleaned before modification.

Why should the 1/2 feeder connector leave a 6MM header to make 1MM free?

There are regulations for each 1/2 feeder connector in the installation equipment, and there are also drawings according to the standards of the drawings. 6mm is just at the bottom of the female header, and 6mm is short or long.

Why can't the connector be deep tightened?

Excessive force will cause internal joint damage and poor contact.

Why is the 7/8 feeder turning at 120°?

The 7/8 feeder should be 120o at the corner. 120o is the loss range of the feeder corner.

Why can't the inner pin be used after it is dropped?

The inner pin is composed of four pieces, and the size is quite tight. If one piece of the inner pins of the connector is dropped, the inner pin will not be tight and the signal will drop.

Why use special tools to connect the connectors?

The special tool is especially connected to the connector, and the connected feeder connector is regular and will not cause problems.

Why is the ground resistance within 5 ohms?

The grounding resistance is regulated by the country. If it exceeds 5 ohms, the equipment will be damaged by lightning.

Why do I need to wrap both ends when cutting the feeder?

When the feeder is broken, both ends must be bandaged. If the bandage is not tight, moisture will enter and the feeder will deteriorate.

Is it not affected if the antenna is not in the same frequency band?

Different frequency bands of the antenna will also have an impact because the electromagnetic wave emitted by the antenna is linear. After the climate change in the air, the waveform changes and the formation of a scattering broadcast will affect other antennas.

What is the loss per 100 meters for the 7/8 and 1/2 feeders?

1700MHz7/8 feeder loss 5.6dB/100m, 1700MHz1/2 feeder loss 11.3dB/100m

2000MHz7/8 feeder loss 6.15dB/100m, 2000MHz1/2 feeder loss 12.2dB/100m

What is the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves are invisible waveforms. They spread through space to build circuits and are received and transmitted through antennas.

The location of the base station is wrong, would you choose?

In the design, some base stations are not well positioned and should be changed and selected from the new direction. There are mainly no obstructions in front of the antenna.

Why do I need to use a label for the feeder?

It is necessary to use a good label for the feeder. Each base station has two labels. If you don’t use a label, errors will occur.

Why can't the lightning arrester be connected to the cable rack?

If the lightning arrester and the cable rack are connected together, the cable rack and the frame will be energized and the equipment will be damaged.

Why should the lightning arrester be grounded?

After the three-point grounding fails to discharge the power, it comes to the lightning arrester. The arrester goes to the copper sheet in the machine room through the grounding wire. There is a grounding female on the copper sheet that passes through the ground, which protects the equipment.

What is the vibrator in the antenna?

Each antenna has a vibrator. The vibrator is the main body for sending and receiving signals. The vibrator is divided into single row, double row, cross, rectangle, square, polygon, etc.

What are direct waves and reflected waves?

Direct waves are also called space waves, which are radio waves that propagate straight from space to the receiving point. Reflected wave refers to the reflection and refraction of waves at the interface of media of different densities.

What are inner conductors, outer conductors, and insulators?

The inner conductor is the signal transmission body, the outer conductor is the lightning arrester, and the insulator is the insulating layer that protects the outer conductor and the inner conductor.

What is the difference between 900MHz and 1800MHz?

The frequency of 900MHz is lower than that of the 1800MHz antenna. 1800MHz has a higher connection rate than 900MHz in communication, and the call quality is good. The frequency of 900MHz is 890-960MHz, and the frequency of 1800MHz is 1705-1815MHz.

What is the frequency of 900MHz and 1 800MHz?

The frequency of 900MHz is dual-polarization 806-869MHz, single-polarization 824-896MHz, dual-polarization 860-960MHz, 1800MHz frequency is dual frequency dual-polarization 1710-1880MHz, 1805-1815MHz.

What is the difference between 7/8 and 1/2 feeder?

The 7/8 feeder line is a hollow line, which cannot be compressed, and the communication quality is good. 1/2 is a spiral corrugated cable, which is a solid line and also a conversion line.

The feeder is a channel for transmitting high-frequency power. The loss of the feeder is related to the traveling wave coefficient on the line. The smaller the traveling wave coefficient, the lower the efficiency. In order to improve the traveling wave coefficient, the load impedance must be as close as possible to the feeder in the entire band. The characteristic impedance is equal.

What are the types of antennas?

There are external antennas and internal antennas.

External antennas include rubber ducky antennas, magnetic mount antennas, through-hole antennas, fiberglass antennas, sector antennas, grid antennas, Yagi antennas, etc.

The built-in antennas include PCB antennas, FPC antennas, spring antennas, ceramic antennas, TV antennas, etc.

What are the antenna feeder cable connectors?

The antenna feeder cable connectors are N-type, TNC, SMA, F-type, FME, BNC, SMB, MCX, Ipex, etc.

What role does the antenna element play?

The antenna element is the main body of transmitting and receiving signals. There are multi-section shunt elements inside to send and receive signals through shunting.

What is the general installation height of outdoor antennas?

The standard of the antenna is generally hung at 35Memters. If it is hung up more higher, it will affect the signal.

What is the length of the standard 7/8 feeder cable?

The standard 7/8 feeder cable is 65Meters long, and the signal will be weakened if it exceeds 65Meters. Only by replacing the 5/8 feeder cable can the signal increase.

What should I do if the pole is more than 3Meters?

If the pole is more than 3Meters, it is necessary to weld the foot to make it convenient for the maintenance personnel in the future.

How to arrange the dual-frequency dual-polarized antenna element?

The internal vibrator of the dual-frequency dual-polarized antenna is a cross-four-wire type, with 900MHz at the two ends and 1800MHz in the middle. There are four vibrators. The distance is too close, which will have a certain influence on the transmission and reception.

What is a good standing wave ratio?

Standing wave ratio is an important indicator of the base station. It can pass 1.4 to be qualified.

Why is the 7/8 feeder cable hollow?

The 7/8 feeder cable itself is hollow. Grounding at a bend will damage the feeder cable.

Why can't the grounding wire be reversed?

The grounding wire is from the antenna side to the wave crossing in the equipment room. If it is reversed, rain and snow will flow into it, and lightning will not flow back, increase current, and damage the feeder.

Where to install the indoor antennas fixedly?

The antennas should be fixed on the wall. If they are installed in the middle of the building, there must be a distance height of 2meters, a distance of 1meter, which is a straight line distance.

Why should the grounding be horizontal and vertical?

Grounding should be kept horizontal and vertical to avoid side flashing caused by V-shaped trough-type wiring racks. Therefore, if the ground is not properly grounded or the grounding is poor, it will be struck by high-voltage lightning and the equipment will not work normally.

How to adjust the position of the antenna after it is installed?

If the antenna position need to be adjusted after installation. The compass needs to be adjusted on the ground. The gravity of the earth has an effect on the compass. The antenna is hung in the space, and the compass is the best way to adjust it in the space.

Why pay attention to the distance between the antenna and the tower?

The tower is a large electrical conductor, which will absorb electromagnetic waves. When installing the antenna, you must pay attention to the distance between the antenna and the tower.

How to choose the jumper?

Both outdoor and indoor jumpers are approved by the manufacturer, and there are indicators. Non-jumpers do not meet the requirements.

What is the large loss of the indoor flexible jumper and outdoor feeder?

The indoor soft jumper has more loss than the outdoor feeder.

Why should every grounding point be treated with anti-corrosion?

Each grounding point must be treated with anti-corrosion. If the conductivity is not treated, it will not be good. After a long time, the grounding point will not work.

Why should the lightning rod on the tower be insulated?

The lightning rod on the iron tower should be insulated, lead a grounding mutual wire into the earth, the antenna can be protected within 45o because a large amount of current enters the earth through the bus, the tower will not have much lightning.

When the tower has lightning rods without insulation, the tower and antenna will directly bear lightning strikes. When the lightning rods are insulated, large lightning strikes directly into the ground.

Why can't the tower and antenna be too close?

In order to reduce the influence of the tower on the antenna’s directivity pattern when installing the antenna, in principle the tower of the antenna cannot be the reflector of the antenna, thus destroying the non-directionality of the antenna.

To be 1.5 meters away from the guardrail, the antenna is best installed on the corner of the tower so that the installation position has little effect on the antenna performance, preferably one wavelength, at this time the antenna horizontal plane directivity pattern has better roundness.

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Antenna FAQ

For any wireless network, the antenna is a vital component. Therefore, all wireless network designers, manufacturers, and management personnel must be proficient in antenna technology. The following are some common antenna FAQs.

What is an antenna?

What is the role of antennas in radio communication?

What is antenna definition?

What is antenna length?

Who invented the antenna?

Why do we need an antenna?

What is the first antenna?

What is an antenna and its application?

Where is the antenna used?

What is the importance of an antenna?

Which is the function of the antenna?

What is the principle of antenna?

How does an antenna work?

What makes a good antenna?

Why do we use an antenna?

What's an antonym for an antenna?

How is an antenna made?

How many parts does an antenna have?

Which material is suitable for making an antenna?

What is the best antenna wire?

What is the best metal for an antenna?

What wire is used for dipole antenna?

Do antennas have positive and negative?

What is the difference between a transmitter and an antenna?

What are the three types of antennas?

What are different types of antenna?

What is an embedded antenna?

What is a meander line antenna?

What is circular polarization in antenna?

What is Fractal antenna?

What is discone antenna?

What is Horn antenna?

What Is a Bow tie Antenna?

What is Beverage antenna?

What is Biconical antenna?

What is Big Wheel antenna?

What is Active antenna?

What is Passive antenna?

What is Chip antenna?

What is ceramic antenna?

What is double bazooka antenna?

What is CCD antenna?

Is a dipole a good antenna?

What is the function of a dipole antenna?

Does a dipole antenna have to be straight?

Is a balun needed for a dipole antenna?

Why dipole antennas are a half wave long?

How good is a dipole antenna?

Does a 1/2 wave antenna need a ground plane?

How long is a dipole antenna?

What are the advantages of dipole antenna?

What does a dipole antenna look like?

How does a dipole antenna work?

What is a dual-band dipole antenna?

What is the bandwidth of the dipole antenna?

How long is a dipole antenna?

Can a dipole antenna be bent?

What wire is used for dipole antenna?

What is a PCB antenna?

What is an internal PCB antenna?

What is RF PCB?

How does a PCB antenna work?

What is the antenna polarity?

What is antenna gain?

Why do antennas radiate?

How do antenna arrays work?

What is a receiving antenna?

Does a receiving antenna radiate?

Does SWR affect reception?

How is the antenna aperture calculated?

What happens if you transmit without an antenna?

What antenna has no gain in any direction?

What is antenna loading?

What does VSAT mean?

What do you mean by antenna efficiency?